Media and Privacy - the Massacre That Shocked the World Essay

Media and Privacy - the Massacre That Shocked the World - Essay Example Was transparency maintained in reporting? These are the questions that need to be answered when analyzing the case, apart from these questions, What has been referred to as ‘Massacre at Langdale High’ transpired in Andersonville- a small town in the United States. The case of Langdale High involves two siblings named Jeffrey and Laura. Both of them had a pleasant childhood but soon things started to change. The case informs that the neighbours confirmed that both the siblings were friendly and warm during their childhood. However, in case of Laura, her disposition suddenly changed after her tenth birthday. She became quieter and withdrew herself from communications. The reason was, when she turned ten, she was subjected to sexual harassment by her father periodically. This led to the formation of negative feelings inside her such as embarrassment and resentment. She did not engage in any social activity and isolated herself. She was limited to a close clique, whom she called her friends. She tried opting for drugs, in an attempt to find some solace but to her surprise, Laura found jotting her thought in her diary as more therapeutic and satisfactory. In case of Jeffrey, he was a bright kid and celebrated his father as his superhero. He longed for his attention and wanted to share a close bond with him. He was aware of the fact that his sister was being sexually abused by the father every now and then Laura had complained to him several times, but he did not take any stance on his issue and chose to remain quiet. When Jeffrey turned 13, his family was abandoned by his father. This incident was a milestone in Jeffrey’s life and left him a changed person. He became bitter as a person and fell into glum depression. Weapons and ammunition started to lure him and. Many assumed that his rampage was because of the frustration that he felt. This case informs of Sharyn Lassiter, who was the police and a court reporter at Andersonville Tribune.

The Marine Corps Information Assurance Program Essay Example for Free

The Marine Corps Information Assurance Program Essay Program seeks to enhance the capabilities of the Marines in their knowledge of the use of Information Technology in order to facilitate the transfer of information from one point to another and assuring that the data gathered or transmitted is received in good hands, safe from intrusion of other people that may intercept the data. The reliability of the data and its source is also put into question with this program as it seeks to bolster the covertness of the information passed that has something to do with the National Security. (SHEA, 2001) In trying to achieve this, the Marines would have to upgrade the technology they have and at the same time, attain the knowledge needed in order for the Marines to operate the system properly. The Marines realizes the threat of having information advancement as a form of communication and it seeks to avoid the possible attack on its information gateways. Furthermore, the Marines would want the technology for data and information interchange to be secured at all times to hasten the spread of information. Another reason is that the Marines think that it would be a lot easier and faster for them to spread data and information on recent attacks rather than the persisting methods. In addition to that, the marines also feel the need to secure buildings that have the information so that when the need for the information arises, they would have the capability to get the information needed at a faster rate. Other threats that the Marines foresee is the possible crippling of the information dissemination by which the Unit may experience if they are not practicing the advance technology in which they can be capable of. The information circle would be easily crippled with the destruction of buildings that are related to the intelligence gathering that the Marines are going through. Furthermore, the threat of other people’s prying eyes with the Marines use of the Internet should be prevented in order for the Marines to operate peacefully and out of the surprising intelligence and powers of deduction that are employed by people nowadays. In order for them to achieve just that, the Marines would have to practice the arts of operating a system of the Internet that would be capable of the transmission of the information in a covert manner, helping them operate under the surveillance of people. Other than that, the Marines would also want the upgrading of the system and use of advanced operating systems in which they can freely pass information in the Information Superhighway. Getting back to the regulation, the directive aims to support the Marines in their endeavor to pass information in a covert way possible, in order for them to feel secure of the information that they pass to one another; Strengthen the lines of information exchange in which the Marines would be able to spread directives like this in a way that is secure for passing parties; establish a possible set of guidelines in which the Marines would be able to measure the strength of their Information Assurance Capabilities; Establish a good and secure structure of the security measures on the method of communication employed, in order for them to fully be aware when someone or something is leaking out; review and update the existing policies of security employed in the information dissemination in order to rate the system and change it for the improvement of the security and speed; use of the technology of the Internet and the Information Exchange in which the Marines would be given first-hand experiences so that they may be able to understand the capabilities of using such means; develop the users in such a way that each knows the responsibilities assigned to them and be aware of the existence of the program; undergo training for leaders in which they may know the extent of their powers and the heart of the processes involved; detect unauthorized activities and detection of possible flaws in the system that needs to be improved upon; and finally to establish the readiness of the Marines to the form of communication that they employ through trainings. These objectives comprise the goals at which the system would have to be based upon. Without one, the Marines would have to be clueless in their charges in which they have to understand the full value of what they are doing and why there tasked to do this. II. Corporate Impact The regulation of the Unit to comply with the company’s directive would have to be monitored regularly in order for it to succeed. The Marines would have to check regularly in order for them to understand the value of the program. The leaders should also be able to check the possible lapses in the security that needed to be changed in order for the whole unit to be under the control of the directive. Doing so would not only help the program to attain its goal, but also to train the Marines in different lapses of plans that may go out of hand in case. In addition to that, the leaders would have to monitor the troops regularly in order for them to realize the progress that their team is making. This program has no room for slacking off in order for them to understand the gravity of the directive. The lower level Marines would have to understand the true value of the filtered information in which they would have use of someday. Regular trainings and recollections are also needed in order for the higher level officials to get the feedback at which the Marines experience the changes. Information Assurance is a big deal that they should worry for the least of the lapses that would happen while they are in command. The informational structure of the Marines would not have to change as long as the leaders of each member know what they are doing. Constant Vigilance should be firm on the mind of everyone as this can be the least of their assurance that they are indeed taking the matter seriously. From the understanding of this, the leaders would have to be aware of the progress made by their subordinates in which they understand the program. Failure to do so would mean that the leader is not doing his job properly and it would reflect greatly on their superiors. If a Marine lieutenant has any problems with the program, he should need the advice of a superior regarding the issue.

Public Policy Problems In The Environment :: essays research papers

Public policy is defined by Webster’s as the â€Å"The basic policy or set of policies forming the foundation of public laws, especially such policy not yet formally enunciated.† The United States Government has many policies in the area of the environment. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1970 to help identify environmental problems in our nation, and to set policy on how to deal with those problems. Yet, with so much money spent by the government to deal with problems with the environment, it must be noted that problems still exist, even within the bureaucracy that was meant to help in the first place. During the presidential campaign of the last election, an issue arose concerning the â€Å"energy crisis† that was driving gasoline and oil prices up throughout our country. Vice President Al Gore supported President Clinton’s ideology of waiting for the proper legislative initiatives to pass through Congress, and when the situation merited, provide some limited releases of oil from the national oil reserve. Candidate George W. Bush, on the other had, favored drilling in the government protected lands of Alaska to find future oil reserves so that America would no longer be so dependent on foreign oil. The problem with Bush’s plan, according to Gore, was that this could be devastating to the environment of the scarcely populated Alaskan wilderness. Regardless of the political, legal or moral implications of such drilling, there are problems dealing with multiple types of rationality in this issue. In his book â€Å"Reason in Society,† Paul Diesing describes six major types of rationality. These include technical, economic, social, legal, political and ecological rational. It is easy to comprehend that this environmental issue involves each one of these types of rationality. First of all, the technical rationality is demonstrated through the question of whether or not oil can be found in Alaska, and if it could, would there be enough present to really make a dramatic difference for the consumer? It must also be considered as to how this drilling may effect the environment of this area. Technical rationality also questions whether or not there are ways to drill that can possibly leave the natural resources of this area with as little human interference as possible. Engineers and scientists can try to come up with ways to create a process with which the area will not be devastated by the involvement with man in those areas.

A Look from “Dreams from my Father” by Barack Obama Essay

Barack Obama’s narration of mostly his father’s life story transcends many debatable topics such as racism and socioeconomic classifications. Topics such as those brought out literally as needed in his accurate and factual description of their lives but not to create any arguable pointers of discussions. Two scenes in the book that shaped this memoir as a whole and could be enough to make a thorough study on how Barack Obama Jr. seek his sense of belongingness and his finding a way to form an ambition being a public servant were: first, how his black father Barack Hussein Obama Sr. of Kenya and his white-coloured mother Ann Dunham of Kansas, USA met, fell in love, got married and divorced; and second, his absentee father’s thoughts and activities as told by his mother and grandparents. Having been recalling his parents blossoming relationship could manifest a picture of success as he recounted episodes where his father’s intellectual charisma and ambitious thoughts won his grandparents heart irregardless of colour and racial differences after opposing Barack Sr. and Ann’s love story. He pointed out that the only reason of his parent’s broke up was the lacking of money in which during that time, Barack Sr. couldn’t afford to take his wife and son back to Kenya. Thus, he went home alone to his motherland along with his ambition to complete a promise to serve Kenya and the continent of Africa, as it is the reason of his methodical studies in US, specifically in Harvard University. It was merely a patriotic deed and nationalism of Barack Sr. as he absolutely believed that Africa and Kenya need him and his service. It is also noted that Zeituni, Barack Sr. ’s sister, mentioned that his brother really has a heart that was too big. As for the comparison of these two episodes of Barack Obama Jr. ’s account, it suggests love and charity accomplished in two dissimilar forms. Barack Sr. ’s love with his wife Ann and their son broke the difficulty of racial discrimination in which Barack Jr. brought out in the world and raised freely despite of living in the land of white men. It is the same as what Barack Sr. s decision to leave his family in US. Barack Jr. made a justification out of his parent’s decision to be separated with each other that it was due only because of his father’s charitable instinct to serve and help Kenya because it is where his whole ancestors belong. Hence, who could say that neither of the two kinds of love is wrong? Colour difference has never been a problem on Barack Jr. ’s parents, and it is totally contradictory to the completion of the second story where the Kenyan roots of Barack Jr. ’s father has been an issue. Everyone could agree that loving both the nation and one’s own family at the same time doesn’t mean sacrificing one for the sake of the other. As an effect of demonstrating these two kinds of love, Barack Jr. ’s journey to look beyond his roots and himself being a black man in the land of the white race created a similar motive with his father’s to serve his own country, though on his end it is America, whether in sociocivic works or in a political slot. R E F E R E N C E Obama, Barack Jr. Dreams from my Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1995.

Strategic Global Management

Multiple-choice Chapter 6 Which of the following is not true for a capability? A) it cannot be traded B) it changes over time C) it can be easily described in detail D) it can improve value Which of the following is not a necessary condition for the effective implementation of a pay for performance system? A) employees must be able to control the pace of production B) there should be a lower bound on product qualityC) managers should receive a high bonus for the piece rate work of their employees D) team members should have roughly the same preferences for effort Which of the following is not an activity in the value chain? A) outbound procurement B) marketing C) technology development D) operations Chapter 7 A key assumption underlying theories of vertical integration is: A) Opportunistic behavior B) Suppliers and buyers have the same size C) Suppliers and buyers are located in the same country D) Firms are boundarylessIn the strategic sourcing framework, firms vertically integrate when A) the firm’s need to control and its ability to perform an activity are both high B) there is high uncertainty surrounding the transaction with the supplier C) the need to control and the ability to perform the activity are uncorrelated D) the supplier has invested in high technology 14. The two most studied types of uncertainty that influence vertical integration decisions are: A) exchange rate and volume B) labor cost and technological C) material cost and labor costD) volume and technological The standard theory of vertical integration over the industry life cycle states A) vertical integration occurs primarily in the early and late stages B) vertical integration increases in the shakeout C) vertical integration increases throughout the life cycle D) vertical integration decreases over the life cycle Chapter 8 Which of the following is generally a motivation for the formation of technology partnerships among large firms? A) coalition formation in the context of stand ards competition B) sharing complementary technologiesC) interfirm learning of process innovations D) all of the above In which industry are partnerships based on patent sharing prevalent? A) data communications B) semiconductors C) biotechnology D) pharmaceuticals When does the ability of a potential partner to cooperate effectively become apparent? A) when it promises to follow the rules of the alliance B) when it is certified by an appropriate agency C) when the network of partnerships in the industry develops D) all of the above Chapter 9A nationally segmented industry is one in which: A) country specific advantage and firm specific advantage are both high B) country specific advantage is high and firm-specific advantage is low C) country specific advantage is low and firm specific advantage is low D) none of the above Which of the following promote technological spillovers within a region? A) managerial transfers B) labor pooling C) regional associations D) all of the above Por ter’s diamond model contains which of the following factors? A) technological spilloversB) cultural constraints C) export policies D) demand conditions Chapter 10 Which types of new business will a corporation’s financial capital contribute the most to? A) larger businesses in mature industries B) smaller units in growing industries C) larger businesses in growing industries D) smaller units in mature industries Diversification paths of firms in the same industry vary across countries because: A) the resources and capabilities of the firms in the same industry differ systematically across countriesB) countries differ in the institutions that present diversification opportunities C) countries are located in different geographical locations D) the firms’ top management teams differ systematically across countries When an acquisition announcement occurs, acquisition targets often tend to: A) Enjoy a positive stock reaction B) Suffer a negative stock reaction C) Mai ntain their stock price D) Outsource more Chapter 11 Traditionally, firms that have grown through unrelated diversification have faced which of the following problems?A) the businesses were managed to support short-term corporate financial goals B) the complexity of the business portfolio exceeded corporate management’s capability C) there was no enduring economic rationale at the level of operations for the business units to be in the same corporation D) all of the above A transfer using a mandated market price is most effective when the downstream unit A) is attempting to establish its market position based on a cost advantage B) is attempting to establish its market position based on a value advantage C) has already achieved a dominant market position D) has failed to achieve a dominant market positionVertical integration, as represented among profit centers in a multi-business firm, is A) always superior to transactions in the market B) never superior to transactions in t he market C) not necessarily superior to transactions in the market D) none of the above Open questions Describe the two key strategic motivations for international expansion? Why do multinationals emerge? How have Zara’s practices and policies regarding its boundaries contributed to its growth and performance? What was the source of tension between Stephen Davies and Christopher Carson in the BRL Hardy case? What are its strategic implications?

buy custom Alexander Dumas essay

buy custom Alexander Dumas essay Alexandre Dumas was a conservative and anti feminist author. This could help in formulating a thesis that describes him as an immoral man. Dumas were one of the French writers whose earliest forms of plays showed how he dealt with the issue of prostitution. This was seen in the play The Lady of the Camellias, 1882, whereby he aired out social issues in life. Many more authors that came after him also emulated his roots of writing. His life also had an effect towards his character. The reason for this is that since he was born as one of the illegitimate child, he learnt to live with his mother Marie-Laure-Catherine, who was just a dress maker, but struggled and provided for the family. He was, however, not happy with the reappearance of his father when he joined college named Bourbon, after when his father had realized the he had a talent in literature work (Hopkins, 23). The law at this time was brutal and biased; hence his father was allowed to take him from his mother, something that left her mother in pain and suffering due to gender biases. In his writings, he emphasized on the moral values throughout, and also he espoused his belief that whenever a man fathers an illegitimate child, he should take responsibility of legitimizing the child and marrying the woman. In the boarding school where Dumas went to school, he was taunted constantly following his lifes situation. One; therefore, can conclude that it is these issues that profoundly influenced his thoughts, behavior characteristics and writing (Lewis, 48). 2) Critical Review of the Play La Tour de Nesle by Alexander Dumas The Tour de Nesle was a guard tower in Paris old city that was constructed in the beginning of the 13th century. The tower is located to the south bank , and it was constructed by Phillip II of France. Later on in the 19t century, the tower was used by Alexandre Dumas as the setting for his romance play titled La Tour de Nesle . According to the play, the tower represented the place where, in the 14th century, the queen of France was murdered. Alexandre based this story on a legend that had existed in the 15th century that was titled Tour de Nesle Affair. The play revolves around the events that transpired in the year 1314 when the daughters in law of Phillip IV were accused of committing adultery. Because of these accusations, their alleged lovers were executed after days of being tortured and flayed. Thus, the tower was a symbol of mystery and fear. It was believed that each morning, bodies of young men would be found floating with their bodies slaughters either by sword or spear. Legend has it that the queen was on a mission to revenge all men. Thus, she would invite men into her chambers for a romantic night only for her to kill them and throw them into the river. La tour de Nesles is a rare French movie because it is a color movie. Te tower is gloomy , and its horrors are represented in the blue, green waters of the Seine. This is because the queen usually threw her one night lovers into the waters after their overnight endeavors. However, this was just a legend that was never proven true. It is in this tower where the queen awaits her young lovers to arrive before they were ruthlessly murdered by henchmen. Characterization The story is made up of several characters. Silvana Pampanini plays the role of Marguerite de Bourgogne the queen while Pierre Brasseur takes the part of Jehan Buridan. There are two princesses namely; princess Jeanne and Blanche acted by Christine Grado and Lia Di Leo respectively. The rest of the characters include: Paul Guers (Gaultier dAulnay), Jacques Toja (Philippe dAulnay), Andr Gabriello (Le grand mnestrel), Nelly Kaplan (Alice), Rellys (Archer), Cadet Rivers (Le tavernier), Louis Viret (Le chef des assassins), Constant Rmy (Landry), Marcel Raine (Orsini) and Michel Bouquet (Louis X). In the story, Margaret of Burgundy, the queen of France at the time was an unfaithful woman. She is depicted as a heartless woman who killed her lovers without a second thought. Moreover, she is witty , and this helps her to keep her affairs a secret. One night, two noble men, were lured into the tower. They had gone with the expectations of a romantic evening filled with passion but instead they were met by a vengeful woman who had a grudge against all men. Later in the evening, the queen manages to kill Phillippe but Buridan, the second man manages to escape. He begins to blackmail the queen by threatening to expose her to the king unless she makes him a prime minister. Buridan, on the other hand, is depicted as a tricky man who manages to escape the queens clutches, hence saving his life. When he decides to blackmail the queen, he is seen as an opportunistic man who takes advantage of any available opportunity to benefit himself. Although initially a victim, the expected reaction would be to report the queen for her wrong doings and get his dead friend the justice he deserves. However, he opts to use the information he has to benefit himself, thus he is greedy and self centered. Moreover, he is immoral and promiscuous because he went to the tower with the expectation of a passionate night , yet it was common knowledge that the queen was a married woman. However, it should be noted that the story is not an accurate representation of French history. However, the story is an entertaining and highly emotional play. Color and shade have been used to give the story an expressionists touch in order to add emphasize on the dark, sinister plot. The dark shade also gives the film a sense of historical realism. The story revolves around two major themes. These are revenge and politics. However, sex,, death, greed and betrayal are also evident in the plays. The queen is driven by her desire to avenge all men. She is beautiful and used her wits and beauty to lure young, clueless men to her chambers. She then kills them and throws hem into the river. Politics, on the other hand, is very dominant in the story. For instance, when Buridan escapes, instead of reporting the queen so that she could be punished for a murder, he decided to use the knowledge he had to further his political aspirations. This shows that to him, political power outweighs justice. Betrayal in the story is evident throughout. For instance, the queen betrays the king when she has affairs with other men. Also, she betrays her lovers when she has then killed to quench her thirst for revenge. So many people betray and blackmail each other in exchange for political power throughout the play. Death is also prevalent in the film, making it extremely sad to watch. For instance the death of the male nobles men who were killed by the queen. It was said that everyday, bodies would be found floating on the Seine. This shows that death was a normal occurrence in that society. The drama has played the role of passing the influential antifeminist message to the world. The message rocked the stages in Europe when it had premiered for the first time. The general concepts depicted in the play lie in addressing the key issues in society, such as the gender imbalance, political influences and unprincipled traditions where murder seems to be the norm. The play is criticizing the political influence that the old generations had been used to posing it as a challenge to the new generation through sensitizing it. According to the book, political power is greatly valued, and those in high political positions are willing to do anything to maintain them or move higher. This will indeed help in ensuring that the next generations will become much more sensitized and can make some visualized judgments. Immorality will also be termed as the historical functions, which still have grounds in the new and future generations. In conclusion, such plays have the main aim of educat ing and sensitizing the new and future generations, with the purpose of making the future generations more aware of the dangers of living immorally and the consequences that arise as a result of immorality. Alexandre, in this play, shows the role of women as promiscuous and insensitive, contrary to what women ought to be in the society. According to his bibliography, he had little family values since his father was not a part of his life when he was very young. In this life, he had several illegitimate children and got married once although he was still having an affair with an actress at the time. Thus, the play is a representation of women as he perceives them, and is not necessarily a true description of women, especially in that century. Buy custom Alexander Dumas essay

Spread of Islamic civilation essays

Spread of Islamic civilation essays DBQ #: Spread of Islamic Civilization From its beginnings in Arabia to its extensive empire encompassing the Middle East, parts of Asia, North Africa, and parts of Europe,paul duffy is fat the spread of Islam in the late 600s and 700s has drawn much study. The spread of Islamic beliefs and civilization have been described from a variety of perspectives. One way in which Islam spread was by the military conquests of the Muslims. Mohammed gave choices to non-Moslem peoples. They could either accept Islam or war would be waged against them and many lives would be taken. These threats by the Moslems caused many to convert and become followers of Allah. When a group defied these words they were punished severely by the Moslems. Moslem warrior were known to be fierce and were quite capable of forcing nations into Islam. There were other times when military conquests were made by the Moslems in order to gain riches, or booty, as opposed to punishing a group of peoples. These campaigns were not made with the intention of gaining permanent footholds but once the Moslems finished their raids it was inevitable that the areas would become part of the Arab empire. Not everyone was forced to follow Islam though. There were many people to whom the Islamic culture appealed. The promise to devout Moslems of a paradise with an abundant supply of water appealed to many desert-dwellers. The belief in equality among all followers of Islam appealed to many impoverished nations. These people willingly converted to Islam from their ancestral religions, causing the Islamic empire to grow. Then you have peoples like the Christians or Jews, who were respected by most Moslems because of their monotheistic beliefs. These two groups did have to pay, however, for the protection of the Moslems. If they did not pay, they too would be punished. Because although they were respected by some Moslems, there were others who believed that Christians...

Writers Can Learn from Middlebrow Masters

Writers Can Learn from Middlebrow Masters Writers Can Learn from Middlebrow Masters Writers Can Learn from Middlebrow Masters By Mark Nichol After several years of intending to read through Patrick O’Brian’s Aubrey/Maturin series of seafaring novels, I’ve finally embarked on that voyage, and I’m delighted to note that O’Brian proves that writers can draw lessons in technique from fiction that doesn’t necessarily make it onto too many Great Literature reading lists. O’Brian wrote twenty novels featuring fictional early nineteenth-century Royal Navy officer Jack Aubrey and his friend, naval surgeon Stephen Maturin, over the course of several decades, leaving another one unfinished when he died in 1999. (It was later published in its incomplete form.) After completing the first installment, Master and Commander, I suspect that they’re all ripping good yarns but not (despite some comparisons to the works of Jane Austen and other literary giants) classics for the ages. Yet they’re instructive in how to write and, in one respect, how not to write. First, the bad news: O’Brian, facing the significant challenge of explaining the naval terminology, traditions, and hierarchy of the Napoleonic era to the many readers unfamiliar with such matters, solved it by having various characters explain nautical concepts to Maturin, a landlubber. Unfortunately, though this technique is reasonable in moderation, here it’s employed to extremes. At times, it’s no more subtle than the satirically excessive exposition in the Austin Powers movie series, with the character Basil Exposition laboriously providing background information to the protagonist (and the audience). But the author’s successful avoidance of narrative exposition (that is, other than in dialogue) is related to his great strength: O’Brian rarely employs attribution; the reader usually knows who is talking. But even more remarkable, he rarely has to describe his masterfully well-developed characters. Aubrey and Maturin are an odd couple; the officer is a big and brash yet charismatic leader, while his friend is a quiet, studious surgeon/naturalist/philosopher. The author subtly signals the doctor’s initial unease with shipboard life (he gets in sailors’ way or hits his head on the low beams belowdecks) and his preoccupation with surgical procedures and natural phenomena by indirect reference. Among the best small moments are those in which Maturin tries to engage the practical and intelligent but unschooled Aubrey in intellectual discussion. I did not take advantage of opportunities to work my way through the literary-classics canon during my own schooling, and I am at sea when it comes to lit crit. (If I were asked to analyze the subtext of a cornerstone of the literary tradition, I would probably blithely blink without comprehension much like Aubrey does when confronted with a Latin expression.) But I found myself very much impressed (without being very much distracted) by the mastery with which O’Brian conveys character without describing his characters. I am certain that such lessons in narrative technique can be drawn from many novelists great and small (and in between), and you likely can relate your favorite epiphany of this type. This point only proves that wisdom and inspiration are to be found in unexpected places. Enjoy your pulp fiction, airport novels, beach books, light reading in whatever form your leisure reading takes (including enjoying Great Literature) but be receptive to such insights. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should Avoid55 Boxing IdiomsPassed vs Past

Is Liberal Democracy the Only Viable Form of Democracy Essay

Is Liberal Democracy the Only Viable Form of Democracy - Essay Example In the present world governed under the liberal democracy, the constitution protects the rights of minorities and individuals, as well as prohibiting the majority will by eliminating the practice of majority rule (O’Donnell, 2009). However, it has been argued that liberal democracy is not the only democratic way of ruling. Some people have said that liberal democracy is not liberal or democratic. Power appropriation can not guarantee the survival of society and the polity future. Evidence has been provided to support that liberal democracy is not the only viable form of democracy, as it has sometimes been compatible with inequality in resource allocation, anti-democratic rule, systematic corruption, and physical operation (Glenn, 2004). There are alternative forms of democracy that ensure that the vote of individuals is compatible with the fate of people. The quality and nature of rule and governance comprise a significant factor for survival, development, and stability of society (Glenn, 2004). Power appropriation by governing or ruling by force or election has no assurance for good governance, or development. For the past many years, there have been several systems of governance which have disappeared as they have failed to offer a promising future of troubled societies. Liberal democracy for this case has gained momentum in many societies as a result of capitalism, in which it is claimed to be the only feasible way of governance. As the other systems of governance are almost getting forgotten, liberal democracy has become a common worldwide system of governance, rule and power legalization, endorsed by the citizens’ votes (Hylton, 2003).

What does freedom of the press mean To what extent does it exist in Assignment

What does freedom of the press mean To what extent does it exist in modern Britain - Assignment Example On the corresponding side, we find that many countries have the ‘freedom of information laws’ or the ‘sunshine laws’ that while defining the scope and extent of the so called ‘national security /interest,’ also allows a citizen to take legal recourses, where he can appeal to get access to government protected information at a minimal charge. UK has implemented this freedom of Information Act 2000 s. 36 (The National Archives, Freedom of Information Act 2000), which gives freedom to its people to access certain parts of the protected information. In this article, I will examine the concept of freedom of press, and will study to find its relevance in modern day UK. Discussion The ‘right to express’ falls under the category of basic human rights and civil liberties, where the state is under obligation to provide for these fundamental rights to its citizens, under the International Convention of human rights, and also the European Conve ntion of human rights. ... Freedom of press is generally covered under the provisions freedom of speech or the right to express, where publications by the press receive the same legal protections as are given to any the other forms of publication, and oral speeches. Freedom of press is seen to be the core feature of democracy, while â€Å"censorship and other restrictions on the press are the hallmark of totalitarian and suppressive regimes† (Baldock, Manning and Vickerstaff, 2007, 100). However it is not always necessary that a government be openly suppressive or manipulative, in its control over the press. There are often more subtle and insidious means (as seen in UK) over controlling the press and blocking or limiting the available information, thus making reporting difficult on certain incidents (ibid). In this context we will now examine as to how the press operates in UK, and will explore to see whether it is really as Baldock, Manning and Vickerstaff claim that the UK government cuts down on the freedom of the press in a very subtle manner. The Human Rights Act (HRA) that was passed on 9th November 1998 by the UK government (made effective from 2nd October 2000), was aimed at giving more force to the rights, framed within the European Convention on Human Rights. The HRA, which provides for individual rights in UK, also gives the press freedom to express. Thus, from the government’s point of view, we find that there are indeed provisions made for the freedom of press in UK. However in the last few years it has been seen that the freedom of press has turned into a nightmare of sorts, for many of the celebrities and well known personalities in UK. This has led to speculations, both within the general public and the government, as to

Describe the process of graft rejection in transplantation Essay

Describe the process of graft rejection in transplantation - Essay Example tegorized by thrombotic occlusions and haemorrhage of the graft vasculature occurs as a result of pre-existing host antibodies that remain bonded to antigens found in the graft  endothelium. The complement system gets activated through the recognition of the antigens, accompanied by invasion of neutrophils. Coagulation is initiated by the lipid particles that are discarded from the endothelial cells and platelets. The graft gets vascularised through the inflammation that occurs and the graft suffers irreparable damage (Graft Rejection, n.d.). Acute rejections are common in transplants and usually occur by incompatible HLA antigens found in the cells. T-cells are involved in rejections that result in the production of cytokines by the graft cells that engage other inflammatory cells in the process, and cause necrosis of allograft tissues. In chronic rejections occlusions are visible in graft arteries that are caused by the smooth muscle cells that proliferate and the fibroblasts that produce collagens. This process is known as accelerated or graft arteriosclerosis and that causes fibrosis and can lead to ischemia and cell death (Graft Rejection, n.d.). Sensitization and Effector are the two primary stages of the process of the graft rejection process in transplantation. In the sensitization stage, the CD4 and CD8 categories of T-cells use their receptors and identify the alloantigens that are present on the foreign graft cells. The signals required for the process are provided by the interactions between the T-cell receptor and antigen, and co-stimulatory receptor/ligand with T-cell or APC regulator. Peptide-binding grooves are formed by the helices of MHC molecules and these are made in use by the peptides derived from normal cellular proteins. Direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition cause the production of diverse sets of allospecific clones of T-cell (Malhotra, 2011). The effector mechanisms are supported by the Alloantigen-dependent and independent

Proposal that lays out the security challenges faced by a large health Research Paper - 1

Proposal that lays out the security challenges faced by a large health care provider. In a loose sense, you are doing a risk assessment for ABC Hospital - Research Paper Example The units that are under security threat include infant, pediatric, pharmacy and psychiatric unit. One of the major security threats facing hospitals is one of terrorism. Terrorism is the most common security threat facing the world today. Terrorism is perpetrated by a group of people as a show of opposition to a particular authority. Terrorism is also conducted with an intention of inducing fear or causing great anxiety to a large population so that the group may become coerced to accede to particular demands of perpetrators. Hospitals are not immune to terrorisms as victims in such case can make the government given in to terrorist demands. Terrorists may access hospitals disguised as visitors or they can get in ambulances pretending to be bringing in emergency cases. Consequently, ABC should understand that it is not immune from terrorism and must therefore put measures to control access into the facility (Shukla 50). The other threat facing hospitals is the threat of fire. According to Shukla (50), threat of fire is a great challenge facing health care facilities given that in this environment; patients depend on the staff during the case of fire. The risk of fire increase due to lack of alertness, limited mobility and fixed equipments found in hospitals. In addition, the activities conducted within hospitals where flammable gases and liquids are used, laboratory processes where hazardous chemicals are used, and clinical research enhance the risk of fire in a hospital setting. In addition to destruction of the physical infrastructure, fire destroys hospital records and medication. To address the threat of fire, hospitals must therefore be designed with escape routes that can allow easy movement in case of emergency (Hoke 31). Furthermore, it is critical to install fire-fighting equipments and train the staff on these skills. Hospitals are also required to use technology that will allow detection of fire and

Linear Regression and Regression Analysis Assignment

Linear Regression and Regression Analysis - Assignment Example Linear regression refers to an approach that involves modeling the relationship that exists between a dependent variable Y and explanatory variable(s) X. The model for linear regression requires that the variables take up the relationship illustrated below: Therefore, regression analysis is the process of determining the parameters that make up the equation defining that defines the relationship between the variables. This forms the basis for further evaluation of the variables through an in-depth analysis of the basic components of the equation that would result into a line of best fit. Regression analysis is defined on basis of the goal of conducting regression, which is to develop a line of best fit for the variables under investigation (Kahane, 2001). The goal of using the technique is to establish the relationship and strength of the relationship between two or more variables. This technique is applicable in criminal justice in a number of ways. Regression analysis is useful in evaluating the relationship existing between various aspects of criminal justice. By acknowledging that there are events that take up the position of being determinants of the outcomes of other variables, this technique can be applied in Criminal justice. The regression analysis is pertinent in determining the relationship among variables as a basis for evaluation of the best practices and structures to adopt with regards to the criminal justice system. For instance, upon establishing the nature and strength of the relationship among variables, it is possible to evaluate the impact of specific changes on one to the other. This analysis is important in developing an understanding of the different ways in which improvements can be made to one of the variabl e in order to change the other (Williams, 2009). There are many ways in which regression analysis is applicable to criminal justice. For instance, when conducting a study on the relationship between criminal

Proposal that lays out the security challenges faced by a large health Research Paper - 1

Proposal that lays out the security challenges faced by a large health care provider. In a loose sense, you are doing a risk assessment for ABC Hospital - Research Paper Example The units that are under security threat include infant, pediatric, pharmacy and psychiatric unit. One of the major security threats facing hospitals is one of terrorism. Terrorism is the most common security threat facing the world today. Terrorism is perpetrated by a group of people as a show of opposition to a particular authority. Terrorism is also conducted with an intention of inducing fear or causing great anxiety to a large population so that the group may become coerced to accede to particular demands of perpetrators. Hospitals are not immune to terrorisms as victims in such case can make the government given in to terrorist demands. Terrorists may access hospitals disguised as visitors or they can get in ambulances pretending to be bringing in emergency cases. Consequently, ABC should understand that it is not immune from terrorism and must therefore put measures to control access into the facility (Shukla 50). The other threat facing hospitals is the threat of fire. According to Shukla (50), threat of fire is a great challenge facing health care facilities given that in this environment; patients depend on the staff during the case of fire. The risk of fire increase due to lack of alertness, limited mobility and fixed equipments found in hospitals. In addition, the activities conducted within hospitals where flammable gases and liquids are used, laboratory processes where hazardous chemicals are used, and clinical research enhance the risk of fire in a hospital setting. In addition to destruction of the physical infrastructure, fire destroys hospital records and medication. To address the threat of fire, hospitals must therefore be designed with escape routes that can allow easy movement in case of emergency (Hoke 31). Furthermore, it is critical to install fire-fighting equipments and train the staff on these skills. Hospitals are also required to use technology that will allow detection of fire and

Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro - Article Example The subject that the author deals through his prime character Kathy is new, the narrations beautiful and therefore, this book turns out to be a rare creation. Kathy narrates this poignant story, without losing the ground and reality in any stage. She is always aware that she is the product of science. â€Å"H† after her name is like the badge of subservient status to humankind. The sum and substance of the book are about human cloning. A cluster of cloned children are brought up in an English boarding school, and the reality about their biology is the cause of their intense suffering and leads to some extraordinary happenings. Point of view of Kathy in relation to Tommy and Ruth Kathy’s status is like that of a senior student in a school. She possesses a keen sense of observation and takes careful note of the happenings around her, particularly the ones related to Tommy and Ruth. To that extent she is the product of advanced scientific research, like computers, are iden tified by generation. Being naive and innocent, Tommy is not in a position to tell the story, as he lacks the power of imagination and the sense of anticipation, the essential qualities that are needed in a storyteller. Kathy has a keen sense of observation. Ruth’s problems are different. She plays to the gallery, pretends and tries to please all and sundry and the final result is, everyone understands her game, and begins to distrust her. Ruth is, therefore, an unreliable narrator. Kathy seems to carry the scale of justice with her always, possesses the right frame of mind and her emotions, unique observations and opinions are evenly balanced. She is a near-human being. Point of view-Kathy by temperament One point incidentally. Howsoever intelligently one may try to be impartial, the first person narrations have an inherent drawback. The narrator can read the mind of the characters and provide a fair representation of the goings on there, but it is impossible to read oneâ₠¬â„¢s heart. The narrator also will not be able to sweep under the carpet his own feelings and the impact of his own thoughts and as such he cannot render one hundred percent justice to the nature of the characters. The reader has to accept the interpretations of Kathy. Temperamentally Kathy is calm and seems to follow the principle, ‘temper is very valuable, do not lose it.’ Her reactions are measured and she takes her own time to make decisions as she analyzes the pros and cons of the issue before her. She reveals some aspects of her personality and how she has matured with her working experience of 12 years as the carer. Ishiguro chisels the character of Kathy thus: â€Å"I have developed a kind of instinct around donors. I know when to hang around and confront them, when to leave them to themselves; when to listen to everything they have to say, and when just to shrug and tell them to snap out of it.†(3) She is the conductor of the story. Her measured respons es have something to do with her personal life. She lives a solitary life. With compulsions to move to different places, her attachments are not fixed and the relationships continue to be transient.

Negotiation beforehand Essay Example for Free

Negotiation beforehand Essay You ought to master the art, in a negotiation, of raising the interests of both parties and end up with a lasting common pact. Why selected: Negotiations rooted in self-centered positions often injure the relationship of both parties and are incapable of reaching good agreements. I recall a friend who lost his chance of landing a job because of his tactlessness. Application to a business or personal situation: A couple of weeks ago, a friend had lost a big time prospective employer when he haggled with him over his desired monthly salary, asking a highly competitive one despite being a fresh graduate. What added fuel to the dispute was his provoking voice that possessed an air of domineering insistence. Action steps: The situation above is best addressed by efficiently doing the following: 1. Build a long-lasting relationship with the other party by offering a wise deal. 2. Set aside personal involvement with any issues and try to look over the other side’s viewpoint. 3. Do not counteract emotional outbursts with another raging flow of emotions. 4. Identify the parties’ interests, not their positions as it would undermine the other in the process. 5. Lay down a wide array of alternatives, sit, and pick the best choice to settle issues once and for all. 6. Approach the issue as a common search and decide on the best objective criteria for it. 7. Establish ground rules in negotiation beforehand to have a pre-emptive measure against dirty tricks the other party may later employ (Glaser). Reference: Glaser, Tanya. Conflict Research Consortium Book Summary. http://www. colorado. edu/conflict/peace/example/fish7513. htm. 1998-2005

The History Use Of Prosthetics Health And Social Care Essay

The History Use Of Prosthetics Health And Social Care Essay The term Prosthesis can be defined as an artificial replica that replaces human damaged or lost body part. In the field of arthroplasty or joint replacement surgery, prosthesis is defined as an artificial joint that replaces the arthritis affected or damaged human articulation (i.e., bone joint). The primary objective of the arthroplasty is to relief patients from arthritis pain in addition with restoring joint functions. Though in most of the cases the reason behind the arthroplasty is the arthritis pain, its not only the reason. Human articulations can be damaged by severe impacts or unusual stresses. Prostheses are usually made for human main joints such as hip, knee, elbow, shoulder, wrist etc. Long term results of the arthroplasty depend to a great extent on the quality of prosthesis implantation. The application of the robotics technology in the field of arthroplasty reduces the inaccuracy that occurred in conventional joint replacement surgery such as misalignment, rotation er ror, resection etc. On the other hand, in the field of biomechatronics (i.e., the science of fusing artificially intelligent devices with the human body), prosthesis is defined as an artificial substitute for a missing body part. Human limb amputation can causes due to trauma, tumor, congenital, disease, etc. According to biomechatronics, prostheses are considered as those which replace human lost arms and legs. The development of the biomechatronics provides useful technology for the robotic prosthesis. Robotic prosthesis act as an extended body part of the amputees by using which amputees can be able to perform his/her daily life activities and take care of them by using their own body functions. As a result, robotic prostheses provide an independent life and more productive role of these people in the society. In addition with the prostheses mentioned above, artificial eyes, teeth, artery, and heart valves are also correctly termed as prostheses. TRANSHUMERAL PROSTHESIS FOR ABOVE-ELBOW AMPUTEES Transhumeral Prosthesis can be defined as a prosthesis that is designed for the people who have lost their arm just above the elbow joint (i.e., above-elbow amputees). Human arm amputation can caused due to congenital (birth defect), tumor, trauma, disease, etc. circulatory disease, cancer and infections are considered as the major categories of disease which may require surgical removal of human arm. Moreover, the civil wars and more specifically wars in Sri Lanka, Iraq and Afghanistan producing an unprecedented number of amputees. Although nothing can ever become a perfect substitute for a missing arm, the intension of the transhumeral prosthesis is to compensate for the lost functions of the above-elbow (AE) amputees absent arm, so that they can lead an independent life and play more productive role in the society. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE PROSTHETIC ARM Prostheses have been found around for thousands of years, however real advancement and fabrication of the prostheses have started about 500 years ago [01]. According to the medical museum exhibited at the University of Iowa titled History of Prostheses, earliest prostheses were used by soldiers dating back to 484 B.C. Hegesistratus; a Persian soldier around 490 B.C. cut off part of his own feet in order to escape from the prison and later replaced it with a wooden foot [02]. In 61 A.D., Pliny the Elder wrote about the Roman General Marcus Sergius who had lost his right arm during the Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.). Later he had replaced that by an iron arm to support his shield and he returned to battle [03]. During the middle ages, 15th and 16th centuries cosmetic prostheses were usually made from iron. At that period, blacksmiths and armor makers designed the prostheses for the soldiers after modeling their suits of armor. In the 16th century, the great French arm surgeon Ambrose Pare, designed several limb prostheses in addition with practicing surgical amputation. In 1818, Peter Baliff appears to have been the first person to introduce the use of the trunk and shoulder girdle muscles as sources of power to move the prosthetic arm. In 1844, the first transhumeral amputation replacement used Baliffs principle to apply flexion for the elbow joint [03]. The prosthetic arm using this concept is termed as Mechanical or Body Powered prosthetic arm and still extremely famous among the amputees society. By 1860, the Crimean and Italian campaigns of the French Empire left many soldiers in need of prostheses, and their call was answered by the Comte de Beaufort [01] [03]. The Comte de Beaufort designed several limb prostheses using the articles of clothing, pulleys and levers. After the World War I and II, a tremendous loss of manpower in USA and Europe served as a catalyst for the rapid development of the prosthetic arm. In 1948, N. Wiener proposed the concept of Cy bernetics i.e., the study of control and communication between the human and the machine [04], which plays an important role later for the development of the prosthetic arm. In 1949, Samuel Anderson created the first electrically powered prosthetic arm using the external power with support from the US Govt. and IBM. The first myoelectric arm was developed by Russians in 1958 and later on Otto Bock Company revealed the commercially available prosthetic arm for general application which was the first made versions of the Russian design [03]. CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROSTHETIC ARM Prosthetic arms can be grouped into three general categories: 1) Non-functional or Cosmetic Prosthetic Arm As the name implies functioning of these prostheses has less priority than the appearance, weight, wearing comfort and easy handling. These are the oldest and available for 2000 years. Though cosmetic prostheses offer a more natural look and feel, they sacrifice functionality and versatility while also being relatively expensive [05]. 2) Mechanical or Body Powered Prosthetic Arm The power to operate these prostheses comes from the users own body. In this system, the user wears a harness that translates the shoulder motion into elbow flexion motion and action of gravity force generates the elbow extension motion. The earliest model of this prosthetic arm was the Ballif arm [06]. These prosthetic arms are light weight and less expensive than the others however it requires large amount of forces to actually move the elbow [07]. 3) Externally Powered Prosthetic Arm Most advanced commercially available prosthetic arm in which power to operate the prosthetic arm comes from the external sources such as electric motor and battery pack. Most of these prostheses are operated by using users stump arm muscles EMG signals. This type of prostheses provides greater proximal functions, increased cosmetic appeal but also tend to be much heavier and expensive than any of the other categories [07]. Present State and Proposed Transhumeral Prosthesis Recent progress in biomechatronics technology brings a lot of benefit to increase the mobility of above-elbow (AE) amputees in their daily life activities. A transhumeral or AE prosthetic arm is used to compensate for the lost functions of the AE amputees absent arm. A number of commercial prosthetic arms have been developed since last few decades. However, many amputees have not used them due to the discrepancy between their expectations and the reality. The main factors causing a loss of interest in presently available prosthetic arms include low functionality and poor controllability [08]. Since the concept of Cybernetics proposed by N. Wiener [04], a number of research works have already been carried out and are ongoing for the development of prosthetic arm. At present, Utah arm, Boston Elbow, and Otto Bock are considered as the pioneers in this field which are shown in Fig. 1 [09]-[12]. However, currently, commercial prosthesis available on the market for the AE amputees provides a limited DOF. Most of these prostheses provide elbow flexion-extension motion with a terminal device attached at the end. In addition to the elbow motion, some prostheses provide forearm supination-pronation motion and a single DOF at the terminal device for grasping object. Some passive DOF, which are useful to generate an optimal pre-determined configuration during performing certain tasks [13], are sometimes included in the prostheses. Commercially available expensive cosmetic prostheses offer a more natural appearance and simple control. However, their dexterity is relatively very poor compared to the human arm. Human arm generates precise and complex motions during daily life activities which are almost impossible to be generated by using a limited DOF prosthetic arm. As a result, the presently available commercial prostheses have failed to gain wide acceptance among AE amputees. Figure 1: Commercially Available Externally Powered AE Prosthetic Arm [14]. In order to improve the quality of life of AE amputees and to increase their mobility in daily life activities (like, eating, drinking, dressing, brushing etc.), a 5 DOF externally powered transhumeral prosthesis is proposed in this thesis. The prosthesis is designed to generate elbow flexion-extension, forearm supination-pronation, wrist flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation, and hand grasp-release motion. Currently, no commercial transhumeral prosthesis provides a combination of wrist flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation motion, which have uttermost importance to perform daily life activities. In recent years, a number of prostheses capable of generating multi-DOF motion have been proposed for upper limb amputees [13], [15]-[19]. However, none of these provide a combination of forearm and 2 DOF wrist motion with the exception of an arm designed for above-wrist amputees to provide wrist flexion-extension and forearm motion [18]. Bio-Mechanics of Human Upper Limb Before develop a robotic arm system to mimic to the human arm, the physics of the human upper limb should be thoroughly studied. Accordingly the upper limb mainly consists of three major components, the shoulder complex, elbow complex and wrist joint. Mainly the shoulder complex is built with three bones, clavicle, scapula and humerus and four articulations: the glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular and scapulothoracic, with the thorax as a stable base. The only point of skeletal attachment of the upper extremity to the trunk occurs at the sternoclavicular (SC) joint. At this joint the clavicle joints to the sternum, the middle bones of the rib cages. The clavicle is connected to the scapula at its distal end via the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. At this joint, most of the movements of the scapula on the clavicle occur, and the joint handles large contact stresses as a result of high axial loads that are transmitted through the joint. The scapula interfaces with the thorax via the scapulothoracic (ST) joint. This is not a typical articulation, connecting bone to bone. Rather, it is a physiological joint containing neurovascular, muscular, and bursal structures that allow for a smooth motion of the scapula on the thorax. The final articulation in the shoulder complex is the shoulder complex is the shoulder joint, or the glenohumeral (GH) joint. Motions of the shoulder joint are represented by the movements of the arm. This is a synovial ball-and-socket joint that offers the greatest range of motion and movement potential of any joint in the body. The shoulder complex can be mimic to a ball-and-socket joint and can be modeled accordingly. The proximal part of the humerus, humeral head and the female part of the scapula, glenoid cavity respectively act as the ball and the socket of the joint. The main motion of the shoulder joints are shoulder flexion/extension, shoulder abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation. During this each motion, the position of the centre of rotation of the shoulder joint changes. The distal part of the humerus is connected to the elbow joint or the radioulnar joint. The elbow is considered a stable joint, with structural integrity, good ligamentous support, and good muscular support. It consists of three bones of the arm and the forearm, humerus, radius and ulna. Movements between the forearm and the arm takes place at the ulnohumeral and radio-humeral articulations, and movements between the radius and the ulna take place at the radioulnar articulations. The ulnohumeral joint is the articulation between the ulna and the humerus and is the major contributing joint to flexion and extension of the forearm. The joint is the union between the spool-like trochlea on the distal end of the humerus and the trochlear notch on the ulna. The second joint participating in flexion and extension motion of the forearm is the radiohumeral joint. At the distal end of the humerus is the articulating surface for this joint, the capitulum, which is supheroidal and covered with cartilages on the anterior and inferior surface. The top of the round radial head butts up against the capitulum, allowing radial movement around the humerus during flexion and extension. The capitulum acts as a buttress for lateral compression and the other rotational forces absorbed during throwing and other rapid forearm movements. The third articulation, the radioulnar joint, establishes movement between the radius and the ulna in pronation and supination. There are actually tw o radioulnar articulations, the superior in the elbow joint region and the inferior near the wrist. Also, midway between the elbow and the wrist is another fibrous connection between the radius and the ulnar, recognized by some as a third radioulnar articulation. The hand is primarily used for manipulation activities requiring very fine movements incorporating a wide variety of hand and finger postures. Consequently, there is much interplay between the wrist joint positions and efficiency of finger actions. The hand region has many stable yet very mobile segments, with complex muscle and joint actions. The wrist consists of 10 small carpal bones but can be functionally divided into the radiocarpal and the midcarpal joints. The radiocarpal joint is the articulation where movement of the whole hand occurs. The radiocarpal joint involves the broad distal end of the radius and two carpals, the scaphoid and the lunate. There is also minimal contact and involvement with the trinquetrum. This ellipsoid joint allows movement in two planes: flexion-extension and radial-ulnar flexion. It should be noted that wrist extension and radial and ulnar flexion primarily occur at the radiocarpal joint but a good portion of the wrist flexion is developed at the midcarpal joints Wrist motions are generated around an instantaneous center. The path of the centrode is small, however, customarily, the displacement of the instantaneous center of rotation is ignored and the rotation axes for the flexion/extension and ulna/radial deviation are considered to be fixed. The axes pass through the capitate, a carpal bone articulating with the third metacarpal. Although it is considered that wrist joint motions are generated with respect to the two axes, some research [11] has proved that the motions are generated with respect to four axes. The wrist flexion axis and the extension axis are different. Similarly the radial deviation axis and the ulnar deviation axis are also different. Therefore, the 2DOF of the wrist are through four axes. Although flexion and extension motions have different axes they are intersected in a point in capitates. Similarly, radial and ulnar deviations axes are also intersected. When we consider that flexion and extension motions have one axis and similarly ulnar and radial deviations have one axis, the slight offset of the rotational axes of the flexion/extension and the radial/ulnar deviation is approximately 5 mm [8], [12]. In addition the motion ranges of the upper limb are as follows.[23] G. Thompson and D. Lubic, The Bionic Arm: New Prosthetic Devices Fuse Man and Machine, Seventh Annual Freshman Conf., pp. 1-8., April 5, 2007. History of Prostheses, 2008, UIhealthcare.com. Available at: http://www.uihealthcare.com/depts/medmuseum/wallexhibits/body/histofpros/histofpros.html R. H. Meier, D. J. Atkins, Functional Restoration of Adults and Children with Upper Extremity Amputation, Demos Medical Publishing Inc. New York, 2004. N. Wiener, CYBERNETICS or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, MIT Press, 1948. S. Nasser, D. Rincon, and M. Rodriuez, Design of an Anthropomorphic Underactuated Hand Prosthesis with Passive-Adaptive Grasping Capabilities, in Proc. of Florida Conf. on Recent Advances in of Robotics, Florida, May 25-26, 2006. W. J. Gaine, C. Smart, and M. B. Zachary, Upper Limb Traumatic Amputees Review of Prosthetic Use, Journal of Hand Surgery, vol. 22B, no. 1, pp.73-76, 1997. J. A. Doeringer and N. Hogan, Performance of Above Elbow Body-Powered Prostheses in Visually Guided Unconstrained Motion Tasks, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 42, no. 6, pp.621-633, 1995. M. C. Carrozza, P. Dario, F. Vecchi, S. Roccella, M. Zecca, and F. Sebastiani, The Cyberhand: On the Design of a Cybernetic Prosthetic Hand Intended to be Interfaced to the Peripheral Nervous System, in Proc. of 2003 IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems, vol. 3, pp.2642-2647, 27-31 Oct., 2003. S. Lee and G. N. Saridis, The Control of a Prosthetic Arm by EMG Pattern Recognition, IEEE Trans. Auto. Contr., vol. 29, pp. 290-302, 1984. S. C. Jacobson, D. F. Knutti, R. T. Johnson, and H. H. Sears, Development of the Utah Artificial Arm, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 249-269, April, 1982. R. N. Scott and P. A. Parker, Myoelectric Prostheses State of the Art, Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 143-151, 1988. Otto Bock Arm Prostheses, Available at: http://www.ottobock.com. M. Troncossi, V. P. Castelli, and A. Davalli, Design of Upper Limb Prostheses: A New Subject-Oriented Approach, Journal of Mechanics in Medicine Biology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 387-390, 2005. D. H. Plettenburg, Upper Extremity Prosthesis Current Status and Evaluation, VSSD Publications, 2006. A. Z. Escudero, J. Alvarez, and L. Leiza, Development of a Parallel Myoelectric Prosthesis for Above Elbow Replacement, in Proc. of Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conf., pp. 2404-2405, Houston, TX, USA, Oct. 23-26, 2002, T. Tsuji, O. Fukuda, H. Shigeyoshi, and M. Kaneko Bio-Mimetic Impedance Control of an EMG-Controlled Prosthetic Hand, in Proc. of the IEEE/RSJ Intl. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 377-382, 2000. O. Fukuda, T. Tsuji, M. Kaneko, and A. Otsuka, A Human-Assisting Manipulator Teleoperated by EMG Signals and Arm Motions, IEEE Trans. on Robotics and Automation, vol. 19, no. 2, pp.210-222, 2003. K. Ito, T. Tsuji, A. Kato, and M. Ito, An EMG Controlled Prosthetic Forearm in Three Degree of Freedom Using Ultrasonic Motors, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Engineering and Biology Society, vol. 4, pp.1487-1488, 1992. Y. Saito, A. Ogawa, H. Negoto, and K. Ohnishi, Development of Intelligent Prosthetic Hand Adapted to Age and Body Shape, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Rehabilitation Robotics, pp.384-389, Chicago, USA, 2005. C. P. Neu, J. J. Crisco and S. W. Wolfe, In Vivo Kinematic Behavior of the Radio-Capitate Joint during Wrist Flexion-Extension and Radio-Ulnar Deviation, J. Biomech., vol. 34, pp. 1429-1438, 2001. F. H. Martini, M. J. Timmons, and R. B. Tallitsch, Human Anatomy, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc, 2003, ch. 8. Y. Youm, Design of a Total Wrist Prosthesis, Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 12, pp. 247-262, 1984. D.C Boone and S.P Azen, Normal Range of Motion of Joints in Male Subjects, in The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol. 61, pp.756-759, 1979. www.jbjs.org

Teachers Need to Feel Empowered and in Control of their Career Essay

What does 2.0 look like? I became a teacher when spiders spun webs and a library teacher when the Internet was accessed through the telephone. I was an early adopter and adapter of everything 1.0. I embraced the magic of the CD-Rom, remember Encyclopedia Encarta. What a revelation. I became a librarian the same year that the card catalogue was replaced by lookup stations. I have no idea about creating a title, subject or author card but boy can I come up with the perfect key words for a Boolean search. During the days of Web 1.0 I taught students who were just as awed by computers and astounded with the Internet as I was. Together we explored this new digital world. Today the digital natives look upon computers and the Internet as a ubiquitous component of school and education. I understand. That’s all they have known. I know that I need to continue to embrace the new technologies. I need to continue to be on the cutting edge, be aware of the newest and coolest, what is the n ext Twitter, Facebook or YouTube and, most importantly, how can this technology be used to impact student learning. To that end I am a teacher leader in the area of technology. If a volunteer is needed for a presentation I’m the one. This year I have used Prezi to present copyright law to my staff at school. I have also coordinated building-wide training for district wide tech competencies assessment. I have been on the school’s technology leadership team since the school opened. I see myself as a leader in the field of technology integration. In order to help students and staff keep current with the software and now apps, that are available. I have embraced LibGuides a data management program that has revolutionized the old library pathfinders and web quest... ...ally policy, but also best teaching practices. These conferences have empowered me to take on these leadership roles in my school district and local NEA association. My primary objective after any of these professional growth experiences is to share them with my colleagues. And to that end I make it a practice to mentor new educators. I am also guide the students to think of the field of education as a valid career choice. I am concerned that with the negative image of education and educators, the poor economic climate that our smartest and gifted students and new teachers will not consider a career as a teacher, or continue in that career. I believe that if teachers feel empowered and in control of their career they will not only remain in education they will make a difference in the life of a child. And they will continue in this worthwhile and important career.

Hunger

A term that many of us dont think about on a day to day basis, because we have enough to eat. However there are many In the world who lack even enough food to sustain a healthy life and many people end up dying of starvation. 3. Deaths In Children Under Five 4. Hunger In the U. S Hunger Is growing to be a serious problem In the united States. In 2006 35. 5 million people do not have access to enough food to sustain a healthy lifestyle. The people in the united States who represent the common face of hunger would surprise many.An elderly couple struggling to pay medical bills; a single parent trying to support his/her children; all the way to a child at school who can't focus because they didnt have enough to eat the day before. 5. Hunger in the World In the year 2007, 923 million people where undernourished. With about 900 million of those people residing in developing countries. Each day 16000 children die from hunger-related causes, one child every five seconds Countries in which a large portion of the population battles hunger dally are typically poor.And do not have the enefits of things Ilke soup kitchens and food stamps. And there Is simply not enough being done by us to assist these countries In there need. 6. 7. However a group was formed to combat this hunger, this group Is Bread for the World. 8. History In the year 1972 a group of Protestants and Catholics met to determine how people of faith could influence U. S policies regarding hunger. under Reverend Arthur Simon, the group began to grow. With in the fist year they had recruited more than 500 people and have continued to increase their numbers. ? 9. How we can help 10.Offering of letters Each year Bread For the World hosts a critical legislative campaign known as the Offering of Letters. People throughout the country write letters to Congress, In support of an hunger fighting legislation. Many people place these letters In their churches offering plates as a offering to God, their citizenship ref lecting their stewardship. 11. On Campus Bread for the world has currently founded a Student Coalltlon of over 300 campuses, where they add their voice to the ause of addressing World hunger. The Bread for the World Coalition gives students the tools they need to help end world hunger.The students, write, call, and visit members of congress to get the message heard. Community service organizations, human rights groups and other Justice-minded organizations take action by writing letters after a community service project or during a Hunger and Homelessness Awareness Week. 12. The Media Bread for the World believes that the media contributes to many victories won by world hunger organizations. By simply informing your local newspaper/ news station of a hunger problem in your community you can help bring awareness to the situation and get more people to help. ? 13. What Bread for the World has done†¦ 14. The Farm Bill The farm bill affects the life of every person who eats In the united States, especially those who suffer from hunger. Bread for the World thought the farm bill can provide better and broader support for U. S. farmers, strengthen communltles In rural America, nelp nungry people In tnls country anora a sumclent nd nutritious diet, and support the efforts of small-scale farmers in developing countries to sell their crops and feed their families.So Bread for the World had thousands of people write letters to congress getting many modifications to the bill made. 15. The ONE Campaign Bread for the World is a founding member of the One Campaign The ONE Campaign is a movement to rally Americans to respond to the global emergencies of extreme poverty, hunger and AIDS. 16. Other Hunger Organizations Action Against Hunger directly delivers emergency aid and longer-term ssistance to people suffering from the dire consequences of natural disaster or man-made crisis.Their mission is to save lives by combating hunger, disease, and the crises threatening the lives of helpless men, women, and children. Church World Service is a coalition of 36 Protestant, Anglican, and Orthodox communions in the U. S. , cooperating worldwide in programs of long-term development, emergency response and assistance to refugees. CWS is perhaps best known among anti-hunger activists for sponsoring the annual 2,000 CROP WALKS throughout the U. S. that have been raising funds and awareness to fght hunger for more than 30 years.Food First †formally known as the Institute for Food and Development Policy †seeks to eliminate the injustices that cause hunger by awakening people to the possibility of social change and their own power to bring it about. United Methodist Committee on Relief presents practical solutions to the problems of hunger, human rights and world peace by aiding refugees, providing relief in disaster areas, and confronting the challenge of world hunger and poverty. ? 17. What it all comes down to†¦Bread for the Worlds final messag e is that there is enough food in the world to alleviate hunger. Its Just what we choose to do with the food and money that we need to change. Our problem is equitable distribution. Hunger is a political condition. Which can be amended. Each year 13 million dollars on excess dog food that goes to waste. If we simply allocate some of the money that goes into things that we all don't truly need, we can help end world hunger. And save the lives of millions Hunger A term that many of us dont think about on a day to day basis, because we have enough to eat. However there are many In the world who lack even enough food to sustain a healthy life and many people end up dying of starvation. 3. Deaths In Children Under Five 4. Hunger In the U. S Hunger Is growing to be a serious problem In the united States. In 2006 35. 5 million people do not have access to enough food to sustain a healthy lifestyle. The people in the united States who represent the common face of hunger would surprise many.An elderly couple struggling to pay medical bills; a single parent trying to support his/her children; all the way to a child at school who can't focus because they didnt have enough to eat the day before. 5. Hunger in the World In the year 2007, 923 million people where undernourished. With about 900 million of those people residing in developing countries. Each day 16000 children die from hunger-related causes, one child every five seconds Countries in which a large portion of the population battles hunger dally are typically poor.And do not have the enefits of things Ilke soup kitchens and food stamps. And there Is simply not enough being done by us to assist these countries In there need. 6. 7. However a group was formed to combat this hunger, this group Is Bread for the World. 8. History In the year 1972 a group of Protestants and Catholics met to determine how people of faith could influence U. S policies regarding hunger. under Reverend Arthur Simon, the group began to grow. With in the fist year they had recruited more than 500 people and have continued to increase their numbers. ? 9. How we can help 10.Offering of letters Each year Bread For the World hosts a critical legislative campaign known as the Offering of Letters. People throughout the country write letters to Congress, In support of an hunger fighting legislation. Many people place these letters In their churches offering plates as a offering to God, their citizenship ref lecting their stewardship. 11. On Campus Bread for the world has currently founded a Student Coalltlon of over 300 campuses, where they add their voice to the ause of addressing World hunger. The Bread for the World Coalition gives students the tools they need to help end world hunger.The students, write, call, and visit members of congress to get the message heard. Community service organizations, human rights groups and other Justice-minded organizations take action by writing letters after a community service project or during a Hunger and Homelessness Awareness Week. 12. The Media Bread for the World believes that the media contributes to many victories won by world hunger organizations. By simply informing your local newspaper/ news station of a hunger problem in your community you can help bring awareness to the situation and get more people to help. ? 13. What Bread for the World has done†¦ 14. The Farm Bill The farm bill affects the life of every person who eats In the united States, especially those who suffer from hunger. Bread for the World thought the farm bill can provide better and broader support for U. S. farmers, strengthen communltles In rural America, nelp nungry people In tnls country anora a sumclent nd nutritious diet, and support the efforts of small-scale farmers in developing countries to sell their crops and feed their families.So Bread for the World had thousands of people write letters to congress getting many modifications to the bill made. 15. The ONE Campaign Bread for the World is a founding member of the One Campaign The ONE Campaign is a movement to rally Americans to respond to the global emergencies of extreme poverty, hunger and AIDS. 16. Other Hunger Organizations Action Against Hunger directly delivers emergency aid and longer-term ssistance to people suffering from the dire consequences of natural disaster or man-made crisis.Their mission is to save lives by combating hunger, disease, and the crises threatening the lives of helpless men, women, and children. Church World Service is a coalition of 36 Protestant, Anglican, and Orthodox communions in the U. S. , cooperating worldwide in programs of long-term development, emergency response and assistance to refugees. CWS is perhaps best known among anti-hunger activists for sponsoring the annual 2,000 CROP WALKS throughout the U. S. that have been raising funds and awareness to fght hunger for more than 30 years.Food First †formally known as the Institute for Food and Development Policy †seeks to eliminate the injustices that cause hunger by awakening people to the possibility of social change and their own power to bring it about. United Methodist Committee on Relief presents practical solutions to the problems of hunger, human rights and world peace by aiding refugees, providing relief in disaster areas, and confronting the challenge of world hunger and poverty. ? 17. What it all comes down to†¦Bread for the Worlds final messag e is that there is enough food in the world to alleviate hunger. Its Just what we choose to do with the food and money that we need to change. Our problem is equitable distribution. Hunger is a political condition. Which can be amended. Each year 13 million dollars on excess dog food that goes to waste. If we simply allocate some of the money that goes into things that we all don't truly need, we can help end world hunger. And save the lives of millions

Social Interaction

‘Social Interaction’ Social Interaction: Social Interaction is the foundation of society. Studying social interaction in everyday life sheds light on larger social systems & institutions. It is the building block of the entire Social Order and Social Relations. Definition: Social interaction is the process by which two or more individuals act and react to the people around us. It is the way people talk to each other and how they interact with various structures in society. It also includes the mutual influence of two or more people on each other’s behavior.Example: Interaction between the members of a family with each other, such as eating, sleeping and even family get-togethers. You will read more examples later in this assignment. Importance of social interaction: The opportunity for social interactions with others is very important for the development of all children. Through social interactions, children begin to establish a sense of â€Å"self† and to learn what others expect of them. Although social interactions for very young children primarily occur within the family, as children grow and develop, they become more and more interested in playing and interacting with other children.While playing with others, children learn appropriate social behaviors, such as sharing, cooperating and respecting the property of others. In addition, while interacting with their peers, young children learn communication, cognitive, and motor skills. Children with disabilities and nondisabled children to play together is an extremely important part of instruction in integrated preschools. The children must have the opportunity to play together if they are to become friends. These friendships will help the nondisabled child form positive, accepting attitudes toward persons who are disabled.In addition, the child who is disabled will have the opportunity to learn age-appropriate social skills. Children who learn appropriate social skills often have a higher self-esteem and show a greater willingness to interact with their environment as they grow. Opportunities for social interaction not only enhance development in the early years, but also may be important for the future of the young child who is disabled. The ability to interact competently with is a skill that is required throughout life and may affect future educational and vocational opportunities.Assisting young children who are disabled to learn through positive social interaction with nondisabled children may help them acquire skills from which they will benefit throughout their life. Interacting and playing with peers provides many learning opportunities for young children. In integrated preschool settings, nondisabled children and children with disabilities may need to be encouraged to play together. Social interaction between the two groups of children can be encouraged in a number of different ways.Suggestions for ways to use teacher attention and to structure the c lassroom to promote socially interactive play are discussed below. Teachers and adults can be very effective in promoting social interaction by encouraging children to play together and by praising them when they do. Teachers and other adults also can promote interactions by teaching children specific ways to ask other children to play, to share toys, to take turns, to express affection and to help other children. Assisting children to control their aggressive behavior encourages the formation of friendships.Planning small group activities that require cooperation and sharing motivates socially interactive behavior. For example, painting a mural or making soup as a group encourages children to learn to work together. Being certain that children with disabilities are seated next to nondisabled children makes it easy for the children to interact with and learn from each other. Allowing the child who is disabled to lead activities, pass out materials, and be praised in front of his or her classmates helps the nondisabled child view the child who is disabled as a competent friend.Toys such as blocks, dolls, dress-up clothes, trains, and cars promote social interactions much more than do toys such as beads, clay, puzzles and paints. Providing toys with which the child who is disabled can play competently encourages the children to play together. Limiting the number of toys available and requesting that children play in a small area requires the children to share and engage in the same activity, thereby encouraging social interaction. As you get older and retire or move to a new community, you may not have quite as many opportunities to socialize as you did when you were younger.People who continue to maintain close friendships and find other ways to interact socially live longer than those who become isolated. Relationships and social interactions even help protect against illness by boosting your immune system. The benefits of being social: Specific health benefit s of social interaction in older adults include: * Potentially reduced risk for cardiovascular problems, some cancers, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis * Potentially reduced risk for Alzheimer's disease * Lower blood pressure Reduced risk for mental health issues such as depression Conversely, social isolation carries real risks. Some of these risks are: * Feeling lonely and depressed * Being less physically active * Having a greater risk of death * Having high blood pressure Social interaction helps keep your brain from getting rusty, but it's most effective when coupled with an overall healthy lifestyle, including a nutritious diet and physical activity. Keeping your connections strong: Start by staying in touch with friends and family, and try to visit with them regularly.Here are other ways you can maintain a high level of social interaction: * Volunteer in your community. * Visit a senior center and participate in offered activities with other seniors—this is a gre at way to make new friends. * Join a group focused on activities you enjoy, such as playing cards or a book club. * Try taking a class—learn a new language or a new style of cooking or experiment with a new hobby. * Join a gym or fitness center to stay physically fit and engage with others. Find ways to stay young at heart, stimulated, busy and out of the house.Schedule regular visits with grandkids or volunteer at a school or children's organization to enjoy time with little ones and absorb some of their youthful energy. Although staying in touch in person is important, phone calls, snail mail, and e-mail can keep you connected, too—if you're not yet comfortable with computers, ask a young relative to help you. Staying socially active and maintaining your relationships are an important part of healthy aging. Reach out to your loved ones—neighbors, friends, family members—and stay as vibrant, active, and social as you've always been. Kinds of social inter action:There are six kinds of social interaction: 1) Cooperation 2) Conflict 3) Competition 4) Accommodation 5) Acculturation 6) Assimilation 1) Cooperation: Green: According to Green, cooperation can be defined as â€Å"The continuous and common endeavor of two or more persons to perform a task or to realize a goal that is commonly cherished. † Cooperation is one of the fundamental processes of social life. Cooperation is that basic form of human interaction in which men strive jointly with each other for a good goal or value. At the same time, cooperation is the most pervasive and continuous of the social processes.It is an integrating activity. It is an associative process which means working together in the pursuit of common interests or common goal. Modes of Cooperation: There are two modes of cooperation in a social life: * Direct cooperation: includes â€Å"those activities in which men do like things together† –like play together, worship together, etc. * Indirect cooperation: is found wherever people perform unlike tasks towards a single end – like where there is a division of labor or mass production. Importance: Cooperation is a universal phenomenon.All the progress that mankind has made in various fields is to be attributed to the cooperating spirit of the people. It is so important in the life of an individual that it is difficult to survive without it. Cooperation for human beings is both a psychological and a social necessity. Collective goals in our social life cannot be achieved without cooperation. 2) Conflict: Mac Iver and Page: â€Å"Form of struggle in which â€Å"men contend against one other for any object. † Conflict is as ever-present process in human relations. Conflict is universal and occurs in all places and at all time.There has never been a time or a society in which some individuals or groups did not come into conflict. Social conflict is a struggle between opponents over values and claims to scarce status, power and resources. Conflict therefore, expresses itself in thousands of ways and degrees and over every range of human contact. It is a dissociative process. In conflict, the person or group thwarts injuries or destroys the opponent in order to secure a goal or reward. Darwin states that – â€Å"the principles of struggle for existence and survival of the fittest are the main causes of conflict. † Types of Conflict:There are four basic types of conflict: * Man vs. Man: It occurs when a character (some other person) has an argument or disagreement with the other character. * Man vs. Society: It occurs when a man disagrees with a societal values, laws or beliefs. * Man vs. Nature: It occurs when a man has problem with outside forces; weather, animals (like in a TV show ‘Man vs. Wild'), and land. Etc * Man vs. Self: It occurs when a person develops an internal struggle between his ideas and thoughts. This can be a cause of other conflicts mentioned. Modes of Conflict: There are two modes of conflict: Direct Conflict: The direct conflict is in which people seek to attain some objective by restraining, injuring or destroying one another. Revolution was and street fights are example of direct conflict. * Indirect Conflict: The indirect conflict is in which the people do not restrain or injure other in seeking there ends but manage to attain their own goals which the opponent cannot approach to his goal in any way. It means obstruction in rivals is created. Group opinion is colored against the rival about his aims. Talking ill of others and backbiting are also indirect conflicts.These are the frequently occurring instances in the social life of people. Importance: Conflict generally occurs due to individual differences, cultural differences, clash of interests and social changes. Conflict in its extreme form brings war and destruction of lives and property. Those conflicts which cause wars or may take hostile form may destroy live s and property of the people – may cause great negative psychological and moral change. Conflict serves as constructive and positive ends. In corporate conflicts – that is, between groups and societies, solidarity and fellow-feelings are increased.Thus we may conclude that all types of conflicts are not harmful to the society because it performs certain positive functions also. Mac Iver therefore, rightly observes that – Society is cooperation crossed by conflict. 3) Competition: Competition is the most fundamental form of opposition or social struggle. It is a struggle of two or more persons for the same object which is so limited that all cannot share it. Anderson and Parker: â€Å"Competition is that form of social action in which we strive against each other for the possession of or use of some limited material and non-material good.   In our society, for instance, there is competition for jobs, for goods, power, social position, fame and all other things one cannot get by mere asking. Thus competition goes on an impersonal manner. The eye is on the goal or reward rather than the competitors. Importance: Competition therefore, exists everywhere, but appears in many ways. It varies as to scope, intensity and type from one system to another. It performs many useful functions in our society. Competition tends to stimulate economy, efficiency, and inventiveness.It tends to increase one’s ego and to give one satisfaction. Since competition rests upon a set of rules, it creates respect for the ruling of the game. 4) Accommodation: If conflict goes on for an indefinite period, our social life becomes unbearable. Hence, attempts are always made for the resolution of conflicts. Accommodation means resolution of conflict by adjusting oneself to the new environment. Mac Iver and Page: â€Å"The term accommodation refers particularly to the process on which man attains a sense of harmony with his environment. † Ogburn and Nimkoff: Accommodation is a term used by sociologists to describe the adjustment of hostile individuals or groups†. Accommodation is the term used by the sociologists to describe the process by those once in conflicts who can work together in common enterprises. It brings arrangements which permit groups to work together. A structure of interdependent roles arises and organizes people in ways which permit them to live and Act in spite of differences in latent hostility. Thus, the social order arises through the process of accommodation. Accommodation is thus, the basis of all social organizations. Importance:The term ‘accommodation' refers to several sorts of working agreements between rival groups that permit at least limited cooperation between them even though the issues dividing them remain unsettled. It does not technically end the conflict, but holds it in abeyance. The accommodation may last for only a short time and may be for the purpose of allowing the conflicting part ies to consolidate their positions and to prepare for further conflict. Or, as is more often the case, the initial accommodation agreed upon by the parties may be part of the process of seeking solutions to the issues that divide them.If those solutions are not found, the accommodation itself may become permanent. 5) Acculturation: Acculturation is defined as, â€Å"Acculturation is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. † Although acculturation is usually in the direction of a minority group adopting habits and language patterns of the dominant group, acculturation can be reciprocal–that is, the dominant group also adopts patterns typical of the minority group. Importance:This term is used to describe both the process of contacts between different cultures and also the customs of such contacts. As the process of contact between cultures, acculturation may involve either direct social interaction or exposure t o other cultures by means of the mass media of communication. As the outcome of such contact, acculturation refers to the assimilation by one group of the culture of another which modifies the existing culture and so changes group identity. There may be a tension between old and new cultures which leads to the adapting of the new as well as the old. ) Assimilation: Assimilation is the process whereby persons and groups acquire the culture of the other persons and groups in which they come to live  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ by adopting its attitudes and values and its way of life. Assimilation is the blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society. Young and Mack: â€Å"Assimilation is a slow and a gradual process†. It takes time. For example, immigrants take time to get assimilated with majority group. Assimilation is concerned with the absorption and incorporation of the culture by another.Assimilation is therefore, another form of interaction which cannot be neglected in t he social process. But the same time, the extreme differences in cultural background, prejudice and physical differences usually Act as barriers to assimilation. Importance: The term ‘assimilation' again is in general use, being applied most often to the process whereby large numbers of migrants from Europe were absorbed into the American population during the 19th and the early part of the 20th century. The assimilation of immigrants was a dramatic and highly visible set of events and illustrates the process well.There are other types of assimilation, however, and there are aspects of the assimilation of European migrants that might be put in propositional form. First, assimilation is a two-way process. Second, assimilation of groups as well as individuals takes place. Third some assimilation probably occurs in all lasting interpersonal situations. Fourth, assimilation is often incomplete and creates adjustment problems for individuals. And, fifth, assimilation does not proce ed equally rapidly and equally effectively in all inter-group situations fusion or blending of two previously distinct groups into one. Social Interaction ‘Social Interaction’ Social Interaction: Social Interaction is the foundation of society. Studying social interaction in everyday life sheds light on larger social systems & institutions. It is the building block of the entire Social Order and Social Relations. Definition: Social interaction is the process by which two or more individuals act and react to the people around us. It is the way people talk to each other and how they interact with various structures in society. It also includes the mutual influence of two or more people on each other’s behavior.Example: Interaction between the members of a family with each other, such as eating, sleeping and even family get-togethers. You will read more examples later in this assignment. Importance of social interaction: The opportunity for social interactions with others is very important for the development of all children. Through social interactions, children begin to establish a sense of â€Å"self† and to learn what others expect of them. Although social interactions for very young children primarily occur within the family, as children grow and develop, they become more and more interested in playing and interacting with other children.While playing with others, children learn appropriate social behaviors, such as sharing, cooperating and respecting the property of others. In addition, while interacting with their peers, young children learn communication, cognitive, and motor skills. Children with disabilities and nondisabled children to play together is an extremely important part of instruction in integrated preschools. The children must have the opportunity to play together if they are to become friends. These friendships will help the nondisabled child form positive, accepting attitudes toward persons who are disabled.In addition, the child who is disabled will have the opportunity to learn age-appropriate social skills. Children who learn appropriate social skills often have a higher self-esteem and show a greater willingness to interact with their environment as they grow. Opportunities for social interaction not only enhance development in the early years, but also may be important for the future of the young child who is disabled. The ability to interact competently with is a skill that is required throughout life and may affect future educational and vocational opportunities.Assisting young children who are disabled to learn through positive social interaction with nondisabled children may help them acquire skills from which they will benefit throughout their life. Interacting and playing with peers provides many learning opportunities for young children. In integrated preschool settings, nondisabled children and children with disabilities may need to be encouraged to play together. Social interaction between the two groups of children can be encouraged in a number of different ways.Suggestions for ways to use teacher attention and to structure the c lassroom to promote socially interactive play are discussed below. Teachers and adults can be very effective in promoting social interaction by encouraging children to play together and by praising them when they do. Teachers and other adults also can promote interactions by teaching children specific ways to ask other children to play, to share toys, to take turns, to express affection and to help other children. Assisting children to control their aggressive behavior encourages the formation of friendships.Planning small group activities that require cooperation and sharing motivates socially interactive behavior. For example, painting a mural or making soup as a group encourages children to learn to work together. Being certain that children with disabilities are seated next to nondisabled children makes it easy for the children to interact with and learn from each other. Allowing the child who is disabled to lead activities, pass out materials, and be praised in front of his or her classmates helps the nondisabled child view the child who is disabled as a competent friend.Toys such as blocks, dolls, dress-up clothes, trains, and cars promote social interactions much more than do toys such as beads, clay, puzzles and paints. Providing toys with which the child who is disabled can play competently encourages the children to play together. Limiting the number of toys available and requesting that children play in a small area requires the children to share and engage in the same activity, thereby encouraging social interaction. As you get older and retire or move to a new community, you may not have quite as many opportunities to socialize as you did when you were younger.People who continue to maintain close friendships and find other ways to interact socially live longer than those who become isolated. Relationships and social interactions even help protect against illness by boosting your immune system. The benefits of being social: Specific health benefit s of social interaction in older adults include: * Potentially reduced risk for cardiovascular problems, some cancers, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis * Potentially reduced risk for Alzheimer's disease * Lower blood pressure Reduced risk for mental health issues such as depression Conversely, social isolation carries real risks. Some of these risks are: * Feeling lonely and depressed * Being less physically active * Having a greater risk of death * Having high blood pressure Social interaction helps keep your brain from getting rusty, but it's most effective when coupled with an overall healthy lifestyle, including a nutritious diet and physical activity. Keeping your connections strong: Start by staying in touch with friends and family, and try to visit with them regularly.Here are other ways you can maintain a high level of social interaction: * Volunteer in your community. * Visit a senior center and participate in offered activities with other seniors—this is a gre at way to make new friends. * Join a group focused on activities you enjoy, such as playing cards or a book club. * Try taking a class—learn a new language or a new style of cooking or experiment with a new hobby. * Join a gym or fitness center to stay physically fit and engage with others. Find ways to stay young at heart, stimulated, busy and out of the house.Schedule regular visits with grandkids or volunteer at a school or children's organization to enjoy time with little ones and absorb some of their youthful energy. Although staying in touch in person is important, phone calls, snail mail, and e-mail can keep you connected, too—if you're not yet comfortable with computers, ask a young relative to help you. Staying socially active and maintaining your relationships are an important part of healthy aging. Reach out to your loved ones—neighbors, friends, family members—and stay as vibrant, active, and social as you've always been. Kinds of social inter action:There are six kinds of social interaction: 1) Cooperation 2) Conflict 3) Competition 4) Accommodation 5) Acculturation 6) Assimilation 1) Cooperation: Green: According to Green, cooperation can be defined as â€Å"The continuous and common endeavor of two or more persons to perform a task or to realize a goal that is commonly cherished. † Cooperation is one of the fundamental processes of social life. Cooperation is that basic form of human interaction in which men strive jointly with each other for a good goal or value. At the same time, cooperation is the most pervasive and continuous of the social processes.It is an integrating activity. It is an associative process which means working together in the pursuit of common interests or common goal. Modes of Cooperation: There are two modes of cooperation in a social life: * Direct cooperation: includes â€Å"those activities in which men do like things together† –like play together, worship together, etc. * Indirect cooperation: is found wherever people perform unlike tasks towards a single end – like where there is a division of labor or mass production. Importance: Cooperation is a universal phenomenon.All the progress that mankind has made in various fields is to be attributed to the cooperating spirit of the people. It is so important in the life of an individual that it is difficult to survive without it. Cooperation for human beings is both a psychological and a social necessity. Collective goals in our social life cannot be achieved without cooperation. 2) Conflict: Mac Iver and Page: â€Å"Form of struggle in which â€Å"men contend against one other for any object. † Conflict is as ever-present process in human relations. Conflict is universal and occurs in all places and at all time.There has never been a time or a society in which some individuals or groups did not come into conflict. Social conflict is a struggle between opponents over values and claims to scarce status, power and resources. Conflict therefore, expresses itself in thousands of ways and degrees and over every range of human contact. It is a dissociative process. In conflict, the person or group thwarts injuries or destroys the opponent in order to secure a goal or reward. Darwin states that – â€Å"the principles of struggle for existence and survival of the fittest are the main causes of conflict. † Types of Conflict:There are four basic types of conflict: * Man vs. Man: It occurs when a character (some other person) has an argument or disagreement with the other character. * Man vs. Society: It occurs when a man disagrees with a societal values, laws or beliefs. * Man vs. Nature: It occurs when a man has problem with outside forces; weather, animals (like in a TV show ‘Man vs. Wild'), and land. Etc * Man vs. Self: It occurs when a person develops an internal struggle between his ideas and thoughts. This can be a cause of other conflicts mentioned. Modes of Conflict: There are two modes of conflict: Direct Conflict: The direct conflict is in which people seek to attain some objective by restraining, injuring or destroying one another. Revolution was and street fights are example of direct conflict. * Indirect Conflict: The indirect conflict is in which the people do not restrain or injure other in seeking there ends but manage to attain their own goals which the opponent cannot approach to his goal in any way. It means obstruction in rivals is created. Group opinion is colored against the rival about his aims. Talking ill of others and backbiting are also indirect conflicts.These are the frequently occurring instances in the social life of people. Importance: Conflict generally occurs due to individual differences, cultural differences, clash of interests and social changes. Conflict in its extreme form brings war and destruction of lives and property. Those conflicts which cause wars or may take hostile form may destroy live s and property of the people – may cause great negative psychological and moral change. Conflict serves as constructive and positive ends. In corporate conflicts – that is, between groups and societies, solidarity and fellow-feelings are increased.Thus we may conclude that all types of conflicts are not harmful to the society because it performs certain positive functions also. Mac Iver therefore, rightly observes that – Society is cooperation crossed by conflict. 3) Competition: Competition is the most fundamental form of opposition or social struggle. It is a struggle of two or more persons for the same object which is so limited that all cannot share it. Anderson and Parker: â€Å"Competition is that form of social action in which we strive against each other for the possession of or use of some limited material and non-material good.   In our society, for instance, there is competition for jobs, for goods, power, social position, fame and all other things one cannot get by mere asking. Thus competition goes on an impersonal manner. The eye is on the goal or reward rather than the competitors. Importance: Competition therefore, exists everywhere, but appears in many ways. It varies as to scope, intensity and type from one system to another. It performs many useful functions in our society. Competition tends to stimulate economy, efficiency, and inventiveness.It tends to increase one’s ego and to give one satisfaction. Since competition rests upon a set of rules, it creates respect for the ruling of the game. 4) Accommodation: If conflict goes on for an indefinite period, our social life becomes unbearable. Hence, attempts are always made for the resolution of conflicts. Accommodation means resolution of conflict by adjusting oneself to the new environment. Mac Iver and Page: â€Å"The term accommodation refers particularly to the process on which man attains a sense of harmony with his environment. † Ogburn and Nimkoff: Accommodation is a term used by sociologists to describe the adjustment of hostile individuals or groups†. Accommodation is the term used by the sociologists to describe the process by those once in conflicts who can work together in common enterprises. It brings arrangements which permit groups to work together. A structure of interdependent roles arises and organizes people in ways which permit them to live and Act in spite of differences in latent hostility. Thus, the social order arises through the process of accommodation. Accommodation is thus, the basis of all social organizations. Importance:The term ‘accommodation' refers to several sorts of working agreements between rival groups that permit at least limited cooperation between them even though the issues dividing them remain unsettled. It does not technically end the conflict, but holds it in abeyance. The accommodation may last for only a short time and may be for the purpose of allowing the conflicting part ies to consolidate their positions and to prepare for further conflict. Or, as is more often the case, the initial accommodation agreed upon by the parties may be part of the process of seeking solutions to the issues that divide them.If those solutions are not found, the accommodation itself may become permanent. 5) Acculturation: Acculturation is defined as, â€Å"Acculturation is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. † Although acculturation is usually in the direction of a minority group adopting habits and language patterns of the dominant group, acculturation can be reciprocal–that is, the dominant group also adopts patterns typical of the minority group. Importance:This term is used to describe both the process of contacts between different cultures and also the customs of such contacts. As the process of contact between cultures, acculturation may involve either direct social interaction or exposure t o other cultures by means of the mass media of communication. As the outcome of such contact, acculturation refers to the assimilation by one group of the culture of another which modifies the existing culture and so changes group identity. There may be a tension between old and new cultures which leads to the adapting of the new as well as the old. ) Assimilation: Assimilation is the process whereby persons and groups acquire the culture of the other persons and groups in which they come to live  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ by adopting its attitudes and values and its way of life. Assimilation is the blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society. Young and Mack: â€Å"Assimilation is a slow and a gradual process†. It takes time. For example, immigrants take time to get assimilated with majority group. Assimilation is concerned with the absorption and incorporation of the culture by another.Assimilation is therefore, another form of interaction which cannot be neglected in t he social process. But the same time, the extreme differences in cultural background, prejudice and physical differences usually Act as barriers to assimilation. Importance: The term ‘assimilation' again is in general use, being applied most often to the process whereby large numbers of migrants from Europe were absorbed into the American population during the 19th and the early part of the 20th century. The assimilation of immigrants was a dramatic and highly visible set of events and illustrates the process well.There are other types of assimilation, however, and there are aspects of the assimilation of European migrants that might be put in propositional form. First, assimilation is a two-way process. Second, assimilation of groups as well as individuals takes place. Third some assimilation probably occurs in all lasting interpersonal situations. Fourth, assimilation is often incomplete and creates adjustment problems for individuals. And, fifth, assimilation does not proce ed equally rapidly and equally effectively in all inter-group situations fusion or blending of two previously distinct groups into one.